HCV

 HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) - Information 

HCV  stands for Hepatitis C Virus. It is a Virus that mainly affects the liver and can cause liver infection. 

How does HCV spread? 

HCV spreads though infected blood, such as: 

· blood transfusion with unsafe blood 

· Reuse of infected needles or syringes 

· sharing razors or toothbrushes 

· Unsafe injections or medical equipment 

· From mother to baby during birth (rare) 

· Tattoos or piercing with unsterillized tools 

symptoms of HCV 

many people do not have symptoms for a long time. If symptoms appear, they may include: 

· Tiredness or Weakness 

· Fever 

· Loos of appetite 

· Nausea or vomiting 

· Yellowing of eyes and skin (jaundice) 

· Dark urine 

· Abdominal pain

Is HCV dangerous? 

Yes, if not treated, long- term HCV can lead to: 

· chronic liver disease 

· Live cirrhosis 

· Live failure 

· Live cancer 

Diagnosis 

HCV is diagnosed through: 

· Blood Test (HCV antibody test) 

· HCV RNA test to confirm active infection 

Treatment 

· HCV is curable 

. Modern antiviral medicines can cure most people within 8-12 weeks 

. Early treatment gives the best results 

prevention 

. Do not share needles or sharp objects 

. Use sterile medical equipment 

. Ensure safe blood transfusions 

. practice safe hygiene 

HIV

 HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, especially CD4 cells, which help fight infections. 

If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS ( Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). 

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How HIV Spreads 

HIV spreads through: 

Unprotected sexual contact 

Blood transfusion with infected blood 

sharing needles or syringes 

from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding 

HIV does NOT spread through: 

Touching, hugging, or shaking hands 

sharing food, water, or utensils 

coughing, sneezing, or mosquito bites 

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common symptoms of HIV 

Early stage (2-4 Weeks after infection) : 

fever

Fatigue

Swollen lymph nodes 

later stage (if untreated): 

Weight loss 

frequent infections 

Night sweats 

Long - lasting fever or diarrhea 

👉 many people may have no symptoms for years, so testing is important. 

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🧪 HIV testing 

blood test 

Rapid test 

ELISA / PCR test 

Early testing helps start treatment on time 

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Treatment 

There is no cure for HIV, but it can be controlled. 

ART ( Antiretroviral Therapy) helps: 

Reduce virus levels 

Strengthen the immune system 

Help people live a long, healthy life 

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prevention 

Use condoms 

Do not share needles 

Get tested regularly 

safe blood transfusions 

HBA1C

       HbA1c _  Information in English  

       HbA1c ( Glycated Hemoglobin ) is a blood test that shows your average blood sugar level over the last 2_3.months. 

       It is commonly used to diagnose diabetes and to check how well diabetes is being controlled. 

       Why HbA1c is important 

       · shows long- term blood sugar contol 

       · No fasting required 

       · helps doctors adjust diet, exercise, and medicines 

        HbA1c Level Ranges 

        ·Below 5.7%  -  Normal 

        · 5.7% - 6.4% -  pre- diabetes 

        · 6.5% or above -  Diabetes 

        

      👉 For most people with diabetes, an HbA1c below 7% indicates good control (target may vary by person). 

  🧪   When is it Done? 

   ·      Every 3-6 months for people with diabetes 

   ·      For screening if diabetes is suspected 

             

                              Information about HbA1c "Tablet" ( in english )

  

                        there is no tablet called HbA1c. HbA1c is a blood test, not a medicine. 

                        👉 to reduce HbA1c levels, doctors precribe diabetes medicines. 

                            

common medicines used to control HbA1c 

(only on doctor's advice) 

· metformin - most commoniy prescribed to lower blood sugar 

· glimepiride/ gliclazide- helps the body produce more insulin 

· insulin injections - used when blood sugar is very high 

· vildagliptin / sitagliptin - helps control blood sugar levels ·

Do not take any medicine without consulting a doctor. 

Along with medicines, These Are important 

· Heaithy, balanced diet ( less sugar and refined carbs)

· Regular exercise (at ieast 30 minutes daily ) 

· weight control 

· Regular HbA1c testing (every 3-6 months)